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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Pulmonary function testing</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Plethysmograph "body box"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012129">D012129</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd-code.de/ops/code/1-71.html">1-71</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003853.htm">003853</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">TLC</th><td class="infobox-data">Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">TV</th><td class="infobox-data">Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in 1 breath (TV indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or V<sub>T</sub> is used.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RV</th><td class="infobox-data">Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ERV</th><td class="infobox-data">Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">IRV</th><td class="infobox-data">Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">IC</th><td class="infobox-data">Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">IVC</th><td class="infobox-data">Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">VC</th><td class="infobox-data">Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">V<sub>T</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or V<sub>T</sub> is used.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FRC</th><td class="infobox-data">Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RV/TLC%</th><td class="infobox-data">Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">V<sub>A</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Alveolar gas volume</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">V<sub>L</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FVC</th><td class="infobox-data">Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FEV<sub>t</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first <i>t</i> seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FEV<sub>1</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FEF<sub>x</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FEF<sub>max</sub></th><td class="infobox-data">The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FIF</th><td class="infobox-data">Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIF<sub>max</sub>. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PEF</th><td class="infobox-data">Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MVV</th><td class="infobox-data">Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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<p><b>Pulmonary function testing</b> (<b>PFT</b>) is a complete evaluation of the <a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulmonary function testing has diagnostic and therapeutic roles and helps clinicians answer some general questions about patients with lung disease. PFTs are normally performed by a pulmonary function technologist, respiratory therapist, respiratory physiologist, physiotherapist, <a href="Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonologist</a>, or general practitioner.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications">Indications</h2></div>

<p>Pulmonary function testing is a diagnostic and management tool used for a variety of reasons, such as:

</p>

<ul><li>Diagnose lung disease.</li>

<li>Monitor the effect of chronic diseases like <a href="Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive lung disease</a>, or <a href="Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>.</li>

<li>Detect early changes in lung function.</li>

<li>Identify narrowing in the airways.</li>

<li>Evaluate airway bronchodilator reactivity.</li>

<li>Show if environmental factors have harmed the lungs</li>

<li>Preoperative testing<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuromuscular_disorders">Neuromuscular disorders</h3></div>

<p>Pulmonary function testing in patients with neuromuscular disorders helps to evaluate the respiratory status of patients at the time of diagnosis, monitor their progress and course, evaluate them for possible surgery, and gives an overall idea of the prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19420147_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19420147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a> is associated with gradual loss of muscle function over time. Involvement of respiratory muscles results in poor ability to cough and decreased ability to breathe well and leads to <a href="Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">collapse of part or all of the lung</a> leading to impaired gas exchange and an overall insufficiency in lung strength.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15302625_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15302625-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tests">Tests</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirometry">Spirometry</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></div>

<p>Spirometry includes tests of pulmonary mechanics – measurements of FVC, FEV<sub>1</sub>, FEF values, forced inspiratory flow rates (FIFs), and MVV. Measuring pulmonary mechanics assesses the ability of the lungs to move huge volumes of air quickly through the airways to identify airway obstruction.

</p><p>The measurements taken by the spirometry device are used to generate a pneumotachograph that can help to assess lung conditions such as: asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. <a href="Physician" title="Physician">Physicians</a> may also use the test results to diagnose bronchial hyperresponsiveness to exercise, cold air, or pharmaceutical agents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helium_dilution">Helium dilution</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Helium_dilution_technique" title="Helium dilution technique">Helium dilution technique</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Helium_dilution_technique" title="Helium dilution technique">helium dilution technique</a> for measuring lung volumes uses a closed, rebreathing circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5475674_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5475674-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is based on the assumptions that a known volume and concentration of helium in air begin in the closed <a href="Spirometer" title="Spirometer">spirometer</a>, that the patient has no helium in their lungs, and that an equilibration of helium can occur between the spirometer and the lungs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrogen_washout">Nitrogen washout</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">Nitrogen washout</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">nitrogen washout</a> technique uses a non-rebreathing open circuit. The technique is based on the assumptions that the nitrogen concentration in the lungs is 78% and in equilibrium with the atmosphere, that the patient inhales 100% oxygen and that the oxygen replaces all of the nitrogen in the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plethysmography">Plethysmography</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Plethysmograph" title="Plethysmograph">Plethysmograph</a> and <a href="Lung_volumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a></div>

<p>The plethysmography technique applies <a href="Boyle's_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a> and uses measurements of volume and pressure changes to determine total lung volume, assuming temperature is constant.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13295396_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13295396-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are four lung volumes and four lung capacities. A lung's capacity consists of two or more lung volumes. The lung volumes are <a href="Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">tidal volume</a> (V<sub>T</sub>), <a href="Inspiratory_reserve_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspiratory reserve volume">inspiratory reserve volume</a> (IRV), <a href="Expiratory_reserve_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Expiratory reserve volume">expiratory reserve volume</a> (ERV), and <a href="Lung_volumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung volumes">residual volume</a> (RV). The four lung capacities are <a href="Total_lung_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Total lung capacity">total lung capacity</a> (TLC), inspiratory capacity (IC), <a href="Functional_residual_capacity" title="Functional residual capacity">functional residual capacity</a> (FRC) and <a href="Vital_capacity" title="Vital capacity">vital capacity</a> (VC).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximal_respiratory_pressures">Maximal respiratory pressures</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Respiratory_pressure_meter" title="Respiratory pressure meter">Respiratory pressure meter</a></div>

<p>Measurement of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures is indicated whenever there is an unexplained decrease in vital capacity or respiratory muscle weakness is suspected clinically. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is the maximal pressure that can be produced by the patient trying to inhale through a blocked mouthpiece. Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) is the maximal pressure measured during forced expiration (with cheeks bulging) through a blocked mouthpiece after a full inhalation. Repeated measurements of MIP and MEP are useful in following the course of patients with <a href="Neuromuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular">neuromuscular</a> disorders.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffusing_capacity">Diffusing capacity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Diffusing_capacity" title="Diffusing capacity">Diffusing capacity</a></div>

<p>Measurement of the single-breath diffusing capacity for <a href="Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (DLCO) is a fast and safe tool in the evaluation of both restrictive and <a href="Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive lung disease</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronchodilator_responsiveness">Bronchodilator responsiveness</h3></div>

<p>When a patient has an obstructive defect, a bronchodilator test is given to evaluate if airway constriction is reversible with a short acting beta-agonist. This is defined as an increase of ≥12% and ≥200 mL in the FEV1 or FVC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_desaturation_during_exercise">Oxygen desaturation during exercise</h3></div>

<p>The six-minute walk test is a good index of physical function and therapeutic response in patients with a chronic <a href="Lung_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung disease">lung disease</a>, such as <a href="COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a> or <a href="Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12890299_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12890299-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19996335_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19996335-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12091180_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12091180-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arterial_blood_gases">Arterial blood gases</h3></div>

<p><a href="Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">Arterial blood gases</a> (ABGs) are a helpful measurement in pulmonary function testing in selected patients. The primary role of measuring ABGs in individuals that are healthy and stable is to confirm hypoventilation when it is suspected on the basis of medical history, such as respiratory muscle weakness or advanced <a href="COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a>.

</p><p>ABGs also provide a more detailed assessment of the severity of hypoxemia in patients who have low normal oxyhemoglobin saturation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2></div>

<p>Pulmonary function testing is a safe procedure; however, there is cause for concern regarding untoward reactions and the value of the test data should be weighed against potential hazards. Some complications include dizziness, shortness of breath, coughing, pneumothorax, and inducing an asthma attack.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2></div>

<p>There are some indications against a pulmonary function test being done. These include a recent heart attack, stroke, head injury, an aneurysm, or confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3></div>

<p>Subjects have measurements of height and weight taken before spirometry to determine what their predicted values should be. Additionally, a history of smoking, recent illness, and medications is taken.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_control">Quality control</h3></div>

<p>In order for the forced vital capacity to be considered accurate it has to be conducted three times where the peak is sharp in the flow-volume curve and the exhalation time is longer than 6 seconds.

</p><p>Repeatability of the PFT is determined by comparing the values of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1). The difference between the highest values of two FVCs need to be within 5% or 150 mL. When the FVC is less than 1.0 L, the difference between the highest two values must be within 100 mL. Lastly, the difference between the two highest values of FEV1 should also be within 150 mL. The highest FVC and FEV1 may be used from each different test. Until the results of three tests meet the criteria of reproducibility, the test can be repeated up to eight times. If it is still not possible to get accurate results, the best three tests are used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<p>Changes in lung volumes and capacities from normal are generally consistent with the pattern of lung impairment.

</p><p>Spirometry is required for a diagnosis of COPD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_tests">Interpretation of tests</h2></div>

<caption>Classification of COPD based on spirometry<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>Severity

</th>

<th>FEV1 % predicted

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mild (GOLD 1)

</td>

<td>≥80

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Moderate (GOLD 2)

</td>

<td>50–79

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Severe (GOLD 3)

</td>

<td>30–49

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Very severe (GOLD 4)

</td>

<td><30

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Spirometer#History_-_Interpreting_Spirometry" title="Spirometer">Spirometer § History - Interpreting Spirometry</a></div>

<p>Professional societies such as the <a href="American_Thoracic_Society" title="American Thoracic Society">American Thoracic Society</a> and the <a href="European_Respiratory_Society" title="European Respiratory Society">European Respiratory Society</a> have published guidelines regarding the conduct and interpretation of pulmonary function testing to ensure standardization and uniformity in performance of tests. The interpretation of tests depends on comparing the patients values to published normals from previous studies. Deviation from guidelines can result in false-positive or false negative test results, even though only a small minority of pulmonary function laboratories followed published guidelines for spirometry, lung volumes and diffusing capacity in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The <a href="Global_Initiative_for_Chronic_Obstructive_Lung_Disease" title="Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</a> provides guidelines for the diagnosis, severity, and management of <a href="Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To determine obstruction in a patient's lungs, the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC needs to be <0.7.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, the FEV1 percentage of predicted result is used to determine the degree of obstruction where the lower the percent the worse the obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_respiratory_pressures">Maximum respiratory pressures</h3></div>

<p>Several calculations are needed for what a normal maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP) is. For males this found by:

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MIP=120-(0.41\times age)}">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP=120-(0.41\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./7453a4c74d3705ea626a86de59777c0f1f0eb98e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.999ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP=120-(0.41\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>and

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP=174-(0.83\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./187800c1f0bc4d0bea4fbb4475f27317ad53233b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.603ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP=174-(0.83\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>To find the lower limit of what is acceptable in males the equations are:

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.15\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./b877a458ca1e35c9270cd328c61c0e82dc494f74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.513ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.15\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>and

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=117-(0.83\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./c056cb4d45d9c6b77a6c03c4836dbde2edd169ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.279ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=117-(0.83\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>For females, the equations are slightly different. For the normal values this is used:

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP=108-(0.61\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./6d70e0d5fa3fc80b310c409b8502bc532ebe77c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.999ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP=108-(0.61\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>and

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP=131-(0.86\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./8d9dceb4e80c4ef8563234a6c1ef2e1e91ef0211.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.603ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP=131-(0.86\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>For find the lower limit of what it should be without impairment this form of the equations is used:

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.50\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./27e14c6c51c703aec0f85145add8c30b61d1ba31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.513ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.50\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>and

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=95-(0.57\times age)}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./b467a61a857aa6ac0ed50c6f51b393035e7f1455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.117ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=95-(0.57\times age)}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>where

</p>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./3a59bcf59769c258d8a28819c4d6e3924fc64459.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.359ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP}" loading="lazy"></span> = maximum inspiratory pressure in cmH20</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./ffc5b265ecb4d0fad6ba04b3f283db0117d95ff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.963ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP}" loading="lazy"></span>= maximum expiratory pressure in cmH20</li>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./e6bfe2af45a02bac5b75aa1b7e8eed3eb3f7441a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.036ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}}" loading="lazy"></span> = maximum inspiratory pressure lower limit of normal in cmH20</li>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./1b8d4cd70f7f8426cdd99523b19d7e11681d519f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.64ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}}" loading="lazy"></span> = maximum expiratory pressure lower limit of normal in cmH20</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle age}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./55aab93d0e242b8d556b22ff96c808cd7b1b6ce8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.429ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle age}" loading="lazy"></span> = the patient's age in years<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/pulmonary-function-tests">"Pulmonary Function Tests"</a>. <i>www.hopkinsmedicine.org</i>. 2019-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003853.htm">"Pulmonary function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/lung-function-tests">"Lung Function Tests"</a>. <i>www.lung.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimLeeLeeSuh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sim YS, Lee JH, Lee WY, Suh DI, Oh YM, Yoon JS, et al. (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5392482">"Spirometry and Bronchodilator Test"</a>. <i>Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>112. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4046%2Ftrd.2017.80.2.105">10.4046/trd.2017.80.2.105</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5392482">5392482</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28416951">28416951</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2/">"2022 GOLD Reports"</a>. <i>Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Initiative_for_Chronic_Obstructive_Lung_Disease" class="citation book cs1">Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2/"><i>Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention</i></a>. p. 11.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMohankaMcCarthyXuStoller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanka MR, McCarthy K, Xu M, Stoller JK (April 2012). "A survey of practices of pulmonary function interpretation in laboratories in Northeast Ohio". <i>Chest</i>. <b>141</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1040–</span>1046. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.11-1141">10.1378/chest.11-1141</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940775">21940775</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldcopd.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvansWhitelaw2009" class="citation journal cs1">Evans JA, Whitelaw WA (October 2009). "The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults". <i>Respiratory Care</i>. <b>54</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1348–</span>1359. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19796415">19796415</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">Upper RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">Rhinoplasty</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">Septoplasty</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">Somnoplasty</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alarplasty" title="Alarplasty">Alarplasty</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rhinectomy" title="Rhinectomy">Rhinectomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Acoustic_rhinometry" title="Acoustic rhinometry">Acoustic rhinometry</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Sinusotomy" title="Sinusotomy">Sinusotomy</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">Laryngectomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngotomy">Laryngotomy</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">Thyrotomy</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngotracheal_reconstruction" title="Laryngotracheal reconstruction">Laryngotracheal reconstruction</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><i><a href="Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">Cricothyrotomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">Tracheoesophageal puncture</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">Tracheotomy</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">Wedge resection</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Transplantation</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Decortication_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Decortication of lung">Decortication</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a>, <a href="Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>,<br><a href="Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>,<br>and <a href="Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><i><a href="Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>/<a href="Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">Thoracentesis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">Pleurodesis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">Thoracoscopy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">Thoracotomy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dd><a href="Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li>

<li><a href="CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a></li>

<li><a href="High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral computed tomography">Spiral CT</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">Body plethysmography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronchial_challenge_test" title="Bronchial challenge test">Bronchial challenge test</a></li>

<li><a href="Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">Diffusion capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Impulse_oscillometry" title="Impulse oscillometry">Impulse oscillometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">Bronchoalveolar lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">Nasopharyngeal swab</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas test</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumograph" title="Pneumograph">Pneumography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxygen_therapy41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Intubation</a></li>

<li><a href="Surgical_airway_management" title="Surgical airway management">Surgical airway management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">Negative pressure ventilator</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial respiration">Artificial respiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Postural_drainage" title="Postural drainage">Postural drainage</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperinflation_therapy" title="Hyperinflation therapy">Hyperinflation therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_hygiene" title="Pulmonary hygiene">Pulmonary hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_rehabilitation" title="Pulmonary rehabilitation">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pulmonary_function_testing&oldid=1301183262">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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